Ethiopian Precious Gemstones

Sapphire

Sapphire have endured as one the key precious stones of choice for royalty and the well to do for many centuries but in more recent times they are becoming increasingly popular as the center stone for engagement rings and bridal jewelry

It is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide with trace amounts of elements such iron,  titanium, chromium  copper  or  magnesium.  It is typically blue, but natural “fancy” sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; “parti sapphires” show two or more colors. The only color corundum stone that the term sapphire is not used for is red, which is called a ruby. Pink colored corundum may be either classified as ruby or sapphire depending on locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in jewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules. Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as the insulating substrates of very special-purpose solid-state electronics (especially integrated circuits and GaN-based LEDs).

Sapphires in colors other than blue are called “fancy” or “parti colored” sapphires.

Fancy sapphires are often found in yellow, orange, green, brown, purple and violet hues. Parti colored sapphires are those stones which exhibit two or more colors within a single stone. Parti colored sapphires cannot be created synthetically and only occur naturally . Colorless sapphires have historically been used as diamond substitutes in jewelry. A rare variety of natural sapphire, known as color-change sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under incandescent indoor light, or green to gray-green in daylight and pink to reddish-violet in incandescent light.

Emerald

Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl colored green by trace amounts  of chromium and sometimes vanadium.  Beryl has a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale. Most emeralds are highly included, so their

 toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate.

Emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using four basic parameters–the four Cs of connoisseurship: color, clarity, cut and carat weight. Normally, in the grading of colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, clarity is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gem

Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emeralds; light-toned gems are known instead by the species name green beryl. The finest emeralds are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone is colorless and 100% is opaque black. In addition, a fine emerald will be saturated and have a hue that is bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emeralds; a grayish-green hue is a dull-green hue.

Opal

Precious opal is hydrated silica, containing 3 to 25 percent water molecules. It is therefore non-crystalline, unlike most other gemstones, and may eventually dry out and crack. The body color of opal is largely due to the 

presence  of small amounts of impurities such as iron oxides and other substances. Opal sometimes referred as “nature’s firework”. As the light passes through microscopic spheres of silica inside opal, play of color is produced due to diffraction to the colors of spectrum. The size of the spheres and their geometric packing determine the color and quality of diffracted light. due to similarity of color, opal can be confused with ammolie, labradorite, and moonstone.

Aquamarine

Aquamarine belongs to the Beryl gemstone  family  (blue Beryl)  with Beryllium Aluminum Silicate chemical composition .  Aquamarine is Latin for water  of the sea and it is named because of its sea water color (aqua Latin for

mare Latin for sea). Its color varies from light blue to deep blue due to presence of small amount of iron. Aquamarine is dichroic (two-colored), appearing blue or colorless depending on what angles the gemstone is viewed. Gem-quality aquamarine is found as hexagonal crystals, which may be up to 1m long and flawless, with striations along the length of the crystal.

Quartz

Quartz is one of the most common and varied minerals on earth, and its abundant colors produce many gemstone types. Amethyst and Citrine are the most popular and valuable gem varieties of Quartz, but other forms also make 

important gemstones. Chalcedony describes any form of Quartz that is microcrystalline, in compact form without any visible crystals. Chalcedony also has several varieties used as gemstones, most notably AgateCarnelianTiger’s Eye, and Chrysoprase

Pure Quartz, which is also known as Rock Crystal, is colorless. Various impurities are responsible for the extensive range of colors. The main crystalline Quartz varieties used as gemstones are described below.

Ruby

Ruby gemstone is rare because the chance of formation of ruby is very uncommon. Ruby owes its fascinating pigeon red color to the presence chromium in its structure. Chromium is rarely found in the upper 

upper regions of the Earth’s crust. In other words, when ruby was formed, the very uncommon chance must have happened that chromium oxide, which usually exist in great depths in the earth, was present at exactly the right time when the alumina was crystallizing.

Amethyst

Amethyst is a semiprecious stone often used in jewelry and is the traditional birthstone for February. Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz and owes its violet color to irradiation, impurities of iron and in some cases other transition metals, 

and the presence of other trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions.

Agate

Agate is a variety of Chalcedony and can come in grey, blue, green, pink, brown and milky white colors. Agate is created when circulating ground waters fill a cavity in a host rock (such as volcanic lavas)

or dissolve pre-existing material such as bone or shell, thus frequently creating concentric bands like the rings of a tree trunk when split open. Band colors are determined by the differing impurities present in composition of agate. The name agate is derived from the river Achates, in Sicily (now called the Drillo River). It is worth noting that, transparency of agates varies from nearly transparent to opaque. In thin slabs, the opaque agates are mostly translucent.

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